Artist Paint Brushes

Artist Paint Brushes

New Era Publishing Tropical Splendor IV Canvas Print-Walter Paulson : NEP1367: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Walter Paulson Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Striking orange tropical flower Primary color: beige Secondary color: orange Still life art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Walter Paulson Walter Paulson was born in Denver, Colorado in 1960, where he grew up watching his father paint in a studio behind their house. One of his fondest memories as a child was his father teaching him how to hold a paint brush and allowing him to help with a painting. From then on, he continued painting alongside his father, while exploring his own style. He continued painting through his high school years and then traveled to Europe after graduation to study the classical artists and discover his own unique style. ''I really enjoy experimenting with different mediums, for me, it has always meant discovery,'' says Walter. His unexpected use of texture and paint leave...

New Era Publishing Tropical Splendor III Canvas Print-Walter Paulson : NEP1366: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Walter Paulson Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Striking orange tropical flower Primary color: beige Secondary color: orange Still life art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Walter Paulson Walter Paulson was born in Denver, Colorado in 1960, where he grew up watching his father paint in a studio behind their house. One of his fondest memories as a child was his father teaching him how to hold a paint brush and allowing him to help with a painting. From then on, he continued painting alongside his father, while exploring his own style. He continued painting through his high school years and then traveled to Europe after graduation to study the classical artists and discover his own unique style. ''I really enjoy experimenting with different mediums, for me, it has always meant discovery,'' says Walter. His unexpected use of texture and paint leave...

New Era Publishing Poires I Canvas Print-Walter Paulson : NEP1365: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Walter Paulson Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Delightful pears, strawberries Primary color: beige Secondary color: yellow Still life art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Walter Paulson Walter Paulson was born in Denver, Colorado in 1960, where he grew up watching his father paint in a studio behind their house. One of his fondest memories as a child was his father teaching him how to hold a paint brush and allowing him to help with a painting. From then on, he continued painting alongside his father, while exploring his own style. He continued painting through his high school years and then traveled to Europe after graduation to study the classical artists and discover his own unique style. ''I really enjoy experimenting with different mediums, for me, it has always meant discovery,'' says Walter. His unexpected use of texture and paint leaves...

New Era Publishing Rhapsody I Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1147: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Unique plant life Primary color: blue Secondary color: green Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I am exhilar...

New Era Publishing Blue Haze II Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1122: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful sky and land view Primary color: gray Secondary color: blue Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I a...

New Era Publishing Enduring Season IV Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1135: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful sky and trees view Primary color: green Secondary color: blue Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I...

New Era Publishing Enduring Season I Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1132: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful sky and trees view Primary color: green Secondary color: blue Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I...

New Era Publishing Watermark I Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1142: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Intricate movements Primary color: beige Secondary color: blue Abstract art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I am exhila...

New Era Publishing Time & Again I Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1119: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful sky and land view Primary color: yellow Secondary color: blue Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I...

New Era Publishing Oaks in the Mist I Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1127: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful sky and trees view Primary color: gray Secondary color: green Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I...

New Era Publishing Oaks in the Mist III Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1128: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful sky and trees view Primary color: gray Secondary color: green Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I...

New Era Publishing Gentle Light III Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1141: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful sky and trees view Peaceful and warm feel Primary color: brown Secondary color: yellow Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoo...

New Era Publishing Gentle Light I Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1139: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful sky and trees view Peaceful and warm feel Primary color: yellow Secondary color: blue Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoor...

New Era Publishing Rhapsody II Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1148: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Unique plant life Primary color: blue Secondary color: green Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she can. I am exhilar...

New Era Publishing Mountain Stream I Canvas Print-Kim Coulter : NEP1117: Ships Via Small Parcel Ground Large dimensions: 40'' H x 40'' W Small dimensions: 24'' H x 24'' W Gallery wrap canvas Artist: Kim Coulter Canvas only, no frame included Special Features: Decorative wall art Beautiful stream and mountain view Primary color: yellow Secondary color: blue Landscape art Comes with certificate of authenticity and biography Great for any room: bedrooms, bathrooms, and more About Kim Coulter Raised in the Texas Hill Country, Kim Coulter began her formal art training at the University of Texas in 1980. In 1986, she received a B.A. in Art Therapy from the College of New Jersey and from 1988 to 1990, she continued with post-graduate work at the Art Institute of Southern California in Laguna Beach. Her most intensive training, however, has come from workshops with such notable artists as Ray Vinella, Martin Linville, Don Ward and Gay Faulkenbury. Her work now hangs in numerous private and corporate collections. Inspired by the early California Impressionists, Kim loves to paint ''en plein aire''. Kim s motto is to paint on location outdoors as often as she...

Artist Brush - HOME � Artist Brush The Woman with the Artistic Brush: A Life History of Yoruba Batik Artist Nike Davies by Kim Marie Vaz, Nike Davies is one of the few African women known internationally in contemporary art circles. The Woman with the Artistic Brush traces her life history and illustrates the strategies developed by women to mitigate male rule. Presenting a critique of the woman's place in contemporary Yoruba society from the perspective of a woman who lived it, this book covers Nike's life from the time of her mother's death ...

Painting Easel - HOME � Painting Easel Beyond the Easel: Decorative Painting by Bonnard, Vuillard, Denis, and Roussel, 1890-1930 by Gloria Groom, The contributions of artists Pierre Bonnard, Edouard Vuillard, Maurice Denis, and Ker-Xavier Roussel to the avant-garde of the 1890s as members of the group known as the Nabis are widely recognized. What is less known about these artists' careers is their work in decorative painting -- work on a large or unusual scale. This gorgeous book reproduces 85 decorative works carried out by the four artists between 1890 and 1930. During this time ...

Airbrush Artist Make Up - HOME � Airbrush Artist Make Up Painting with Pixels: How to Draw with Your Computer by Alistair Dabbs, Put away the paintbrush... and make paintings with state-of-the-art techniques! No matter which software you use, you can build a digital studio, become knowledgeable about a range of tools, and recreate almost any traditional medium. Find out exactly what digital art is, how pixels work, the importance of image resolution, and what professional artists have accomplished with the technology. Select components and peripheral devices, including essential removable media, programs, and plug-ins, and ...

Face Painting Brush - HOME � Face Painting Brush Face Painting with Paint Brush by Klutz Press, Cheek art, animals, Halloween art, clowns, body art--more than 83 designs for face-painting, complete with how-to instructions are featured in this spiral-bound book that comes with one set of nontoxic, water-based Kryolan face paints and brush. The Sierra Club Guide to Painting in Nature by Cathy Ann Johnson, Plein-air painting -- the art of painting outdoors, on-site, and completing the work in one sitting -- became famous with the advent of Impressionism in France in the ...

Psp Paint Brush - HOME � Psp Paint Brush Chinese Brush Painting Masterclass: An Inspirational Guide with Fourteen Stunning Projects with Other and Paint Brush and Paint Pots by Pauline Cherrett, Chinese Brush Painting Masterclass: An Inspirational Guide with Fourteen Stunning Projects with Other and Paint Brush and Paint Pots Magic Painting: Brush on Colors, Pictures Appear by Magic with Paint Brush and Paint Pots Magic Painting: Brush on Colors, Pictures Appear by Magic with Paint Brush and Paint Pots Corel Paint Shop Pro - Paint Shop Pro (PSP) is a bitmap graphics editor and vector graphics editor for ...

Oil Painting Artist - HOME � Oil Painting Artist The Art of Impressionism: Painting Technique and the Making of Modernity by Anthea Callen, This magnificent book is the first full-scale exploration of Impressionist technique. Focusing on the easel-painted work of Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Cezanne, Cassatt, Morisot, Caillebotte, Sisley, and Degas in the period before 1900, it places their methods and materials in a historical perspective and evaluates their origins, novelty, and meanings within the visual formation of urban modernity. Drawing on scientific studies of pigments and materials, artists' treatises, colormens' archives, and contemporary and modern accounts, ...

Purple Paint Brush - HOME � Purple Paint Brush My Many Colored Days by Dr Seuss, Illustrated in full color. Accompanying a manuscript Dr. Seuss wrote in 1973, is a letter outlining his hopes of finding "a great color artist who will not be dominated by me." The late Dr. Seuss saw his original text about feelings and moods as part of the "first book ever to be based on beautiful illustrations and sensational color." The quest for an artist has finally ended--after the manuscript languished for more than two decades--at the paint brushes of husband- ...

Artist Painting - HOME � Artist Painting From Drawing to Painting: Poussin, Watteau, David, and Ingres by Pierre Rosenberg, X Pierre Rosenberg, the distinguished art historian and director of the Musee du Louvre, has long admired and studied both paintings and drawings. This dual interest may seem commonplace but is in fact highly unusual: specialists in the field of drawing rarely write about painting, and vice versa. From Drawing to Painting offers a unique perspective by interweaving biographical information about five renowned French artists--Nicolas Poussin, Antoine Watteau, Jean-Honore Fragonard, Jacques-Louis David, and Jean-Auguste- ...

Brush Paint Psp X - HOME � Brush Paint Psp X Chinese Brush Painting Masterclass: An Inspirational Guide with Fourteen Stunning Projects with Other and Paint Brush and Paint Pots by Pauline Cherrett, Chinese Brush Painting Masterclass: An Inspirational Guide with Fourteen Stunning Projects with Other and Paint Brush and Paint Pots Magic Painting: Brush on Colors, Pictures Appear by Magic with Paint Brush and Paint Pots Magic Painting: Brush on Colors, Pictures Appear by Magic with Paint Brush and Paint Pots Corel Paint Shop Pro - Paint Shop Pro (PSP) is a bitmap graphics editor and vector graphics editor ...

Reproduction Painting - HOME � Reproduction Painting Sun Dogs and Eagle Down: The Indian Paintings of Bill Holm by Steven C. Brown, X Bill Holm is internationally recognized as a leading expert on Northwest Coast, Plateau, and Plains Indian art. As curator emeritus of Native American art at the Burke Museum, professor emeritus of art history at the University of Washington, and author of numerous books and articles, including the classic work Northwest Coast Indian Art: An Analysis of Form, he has established an unparalleled reputation as a scholar, teacher, and craftsman. For many years he has ...

Download Paint Shop Pro Brush - HOME � Download Paint Shop Pro Brush Corel Paint Shop Pro X Product Information Software Type Graphics/Designing Software Name Paint Shop Pro X - Complete Product Features & Benefits The Object Remover makes it easy to remove unwanted or difficult to clone portions of images and fills in the removed detail with portions of the remaining photo. With one click, the One-Step Purple Fringe Fix removes the purple glow surrounding the edges of people and objects that can appear in many digital photos. Paint Shop Pro X now offers the High Pass Filter, one ...

Art for Sale Painting Original - HOME � Art for Sale Painting Original The World in Paint: Modern Art and Visuality in England, 1848-1914 Paintings of a "kept woman" sitting in her lover's lap, of the Lady of Shalott, of Merlin the magician, of an explosive, abstract pattern--some rendered in meticulous detail, others only sketched--appear side by side in David Peters Corbett's book on English art. The sharp differences in style and in subject matter are striking and significant, but they are not presented in any of the usual ways. They are not seen as ...

Complexion Brush - HOME � Complexion Brush Bissell Carpet Sweeper, Model No. 26507 Features: 6-brush system provides superior carpet and floors pickup by using the dual brush roll system with patented angle brushes Uses 4 corner brushes to maximize cleaning around corners, walls and baseboards Has 2 large-capacity dirt pans and is made out of heavy-duty metal construction Dual brush roll system is quiet 6-wheel system for easy rolling Manual operation, does not use electricity or batteries Model No. The Woman with the Artistic Brush: A Life History of Yoruba Batik Artist Nike ...

Basic Flower in Painting Technique Watercolor - HOME � Basic Flower in Painting Technique Watercolor Basic Flower Painting Techniques in Watercolor by Rachel R. Wolf, Basic Flower Painting Techniques in Watercolor Flowers in the Landscape by Jill Bays, Readers will find new and exciting ways for combining two popular painting subjects--flowers and landscapes. Flowers can be the focus of a painting, or merely one of the elements; either way, they add drama and color to any painting and can lift an ordinary landscape to a higher level. Flowers in the Landscape covers all the basic techniques artists need to learn, ...

Watercolor Painting Artist Flower - HOME � Watercolor Painting Artist Flower Flowers in the Landscape by Jill Bays, Readers will find new and exciting ways for combining two popular painting subjects--flowers and landscapes. Flowers can be the focus of a painting, or merely one of the elements; either way, they add drama and color to any painting and can lift an ordinary landscape to a higher level. Flowers in the Landscape covers all the basic techniques artists need to learn, together with how to paint the flowers accurately. Author Jill Bays encourages artists to develop their ability to ...

Decorative Painting Artist - HOME � Decorative Painting Artist The Big Book of Decorative Painting: How to Paint If You Don't Know How--And How to Improve If You Do by Jackie Shaw, Decorative painting - the ornamentation of wood, tin, glass, paper, and other surfaces with painted designs - requires no previous artistic training or drawing skill. The Big Book of Decorative Painting contains invaluable information on this delightful and imaginative craft for artists and crafters at every level of experience: hesitant beginners looking for a thorough and reassuring step-by-step guide; "Sunday painters" who want to ...

Original Art Painting - HOME � Original Art Painting The World in Paint: Modern Art and Visuality in England, 1848-1914 Paintings of a "kept woman" sitting in her lover's lap, of the Lady of Shalott, of Merlin the magician, of an explosive, abstract pattern--some rendered in meticulous detail, others only sketched--appear side by side in David Peters Corbett's book on English art. The sharp differences in style and in subject matter are striking and significant, but they are not presented in any of the usual ways. They are not seen as markers of ...